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Minirredes eléctricas aisladas serían la solución para zonas rurales - | CiudadRegion Noticias CiudadRegion.com | Cartago | 15 DIC 2017 – 7:42 am
Estas minirredes, que operarían con una metodología basada en el modelo de negocio Canvas (agregar valor a las ideas de negocio), da señales regulatorias para la sostenibilidad de sistemas eléctricos en zonas no interconectadas del país.
Además, por medio de la simulación de un sistema virtual, se mantiene una operación continua del servicio de energía sin afectar la tarifa de los usuarios, e incluso genera incentivos para los recursos energéticos distribuidos en la medida en que ayuden a regular el sistema de la red eléctrica.
Así lo establece el trabajo de Adriana Arango Manrique, estudiante del Doctorado en Ingeniería-Automática de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (U.N.) Sede Manizales, quien realizó la evaluación técnica y de mercado de la operación de una microrred en modo aislado dentro de un sistema eléctrico de potencia con ambiente desregulado.
El modelo mostró que al implementar incentivos económicos es posible la sostenibilidad en la operación por microrredes aisladas, y que en corto tiempo se obtienen beneficios al dar señales regulatorias (técnicas y económicas) para definir su operación.
La investigadora explicó que en las zonas rurales del país los apagones pueden ser un tema de nunca acabar, máxime si las minirredes eléctricas aisladas no están diseñadas para albergar energías renovables como paneles solares.
“Este modelo se puede utilizar para que los entes reguladores tomen decisiones que favorezcan tanto a los agentes prestadores del servicio como a los usuarios”, precisó.
Pasos clave
Sobre el primer paso –que es el segmento de mercado– la estudiante indicó que en una microrred aislada no se cuenta con un mercado por las características de los agentes que prestan el servicio. Sin embargo, con la prestación de servicios complementarios e incentivos para esta forma de operar, la inversión será interesante para inversionistas y empresas que prestan el servicio en esas zonas.
El segundo paso es la propuesta de valor, que para este caso es la implementación de microrredes aisladas que operen de forma sostenible, mediante la prestación de servicios complementarios.
En seguida se establecieron los canales fundamentados en la infraestructura de la red de distribución activa, que presta el servicio y la tecnología necesaria en términos de control, comunicaciones, protecciones y líneas de distribución para que la microrred aislada opere de forma inteligente.
Después, la estudiante determinó la relación con los clientes, lo que permite conocer sus preferencias. En este caso la demanda debe estar disponible para desconectarse de la microrred aislada cuando se presenten pérdidas grandes de generación, sin modificar la tarifa de los usuarios.
El quinto paso es definir las fuentes de ingreso. En primer lugar se incluyen los beneficios tributarios definidos en la ley, los incentivos que puede obtener por la prestación de servicios complementarios de control de tensión y frecuencia (propuesta de valor), y en segundo lugar los ingresos por comercialización.
De otro lado, los recursos clave necesarios para operar la microrred aislada están clasificados como la infraestructura asociada con la operación óptima de recursos energéticos distribuidos en la prestación de los servicios complementarios.
El séptimo paso se relaciona con las actividades clave para que el modelo sea exitoso, tales como control de reactivos, reserva de potencia reactiva y control de potencia activa y frecuencia.
En la operación de la microrred aislada también se debe considerar a la comunidad como socio clave, mediante alianzas estratégicas en las que se defina quiénes pueden participar en la inversión y cuáles son los beneficios.
Por último, se debe tener una estructura de costos, los cuales deben considerar que la operación por microrred aislada y la integración de los recursos energéticos conectados al sistema de distribución requiere una inversión inicial alta. De igual manera son necesarios los mantenimientos adecuados, con el fin de que la microrred aislada preste servicios complementarios y garantice su sostenibilidad técnica y económica.
Según la ingeniera Arango Manrique, a partir de la dinámica de sistemas (SD) se propuso evaluar el modelo Canvas para analizar la sostenibilidad de la operación técnica y económica de la microrred aislada. Este se validó en las condiciones que se presentan en Colombia, esperando que las zonas no interconectadas (ZNI) sean el laboratorio natural para definir requerimientos básicos aplicables a la operación por microrredes aisladas.
La investigación contó con el apoyo del grupo de investigación Environmental Energy and Education Policy (E3P), de la U.N. Sede Manizales, que dirige la profesora Sandra Carvajal.
CiudadRegion, es un diario regional donde se publican las principales noticias del Valle del Cauca, Risaralda, Quindío y Caldas.
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